Turkey's imports of metallurgical coke fell in 2018, following 2017's sharp rise when the country hiked imports to offset lower domestic output during coke battery upgrades (see chart).
Turkey imported 811,005t of met coke in 2018, down from 2.1mn t in 2017, but up from 590,529t in 2016, according to trade data.
Colombian deliveries to Turkish mills fell to 135,613t from 371,630t in 2017. That said, last year's deliveries were only slightly down from 2016's 159,527t, suggesting a return to more normal levels after 2017's surge.
The US was one of the largest suppliers of met coke in 2017, shipping 357,537t. But volumes sank to just 2t last year and US producers are now focused on meeting domestic requirements in light of the country's tight demand-supply balance as steel production pushes higher. Similarly, Australia shipped 399,690t to Turkey in 2017, but none last year, according to trade data.
But despite the overall drop in volumes, there were some notable growth areas such as Russia which delivered 247,134t of met coke to Turkey last year - up from 185,645t in 2017 and just 26,814t in 2016.
Imports from China edged up last year — to 338,413t from 324,540t — despite regional concern about high prices. Market participants note that Turkish mills often drive a hard bargain on raw material purchases and can be willing to buy off-spec/unbranded material, enabling them to limit exposure to particularly high price levels.
The Argus daily fob north China assessment for 62 CSR met coke is at $332.50/t today, down from a 2018 peak of $390.85/t fob in early-November. The 65 CSR met coke index is at $342/t fob north China, down from a 2018 high of $400.50/t in November.
Turkish imports of Polish met coke hit 31,831t last year, up from zero in 2017, but down from 82,808t in 2016.
Turkey did not import any met coke from Ukraine last year, as Ukrainian mills prioritised their own requirements. Turkey received 50,646t from Ukraine in 2017.
Coking coal imports jump
As met coke imports fell, Turkey's coking coal imports rose significantly, to 5.8mn t in 2018 from 4.28mn t in 2017 (see chart).
US cargoes accounted for the largest share, with volumes rising by 30.1pc to 2.39mn t. Imports of Australian coking coal also rose sharply, by 80.1pc to 1.96mn t.
And imports of Colombian coking coal almost doubled year on year to 770,466t.
Imports of Canadian coking coal dropped by 8.3pc to 445,225t, while imports of Russian coking coal fell by 29pc to 155,858t.
Mozambican coking coal remains in the frame, imports of which hit 77,006t last year, down from 96,415t in 2017.
BOF-based steel output faring better than EAF
Turkish steelmakers have suffered a bruising 12 months, with challenging economic conditions weighing on domestic consumption and trade defence measures forcing steel exporters to find new markets. But despite this, crude steel production held steady, at 37.3mn t in 2018, down only slightly from 37.5mn t in 2017, according to producers' association TCUD. Output from electric arc furnaces (EAFs) and basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) was lower.
But January data released today by TCUD show a divergence between the two production methods. Total steel output fell by 19.5pc on the year to 2.57mn t in January. EAF-based production fell particularly sharply, by 26.5pc to 1.6mn t, while BOF-based production was down by just 4.7pc, at 966,000t.
This divergence reflects rebar production cuts at several Turkish EAF-based mills, most of which are believed to have taken place in January, with some mills previously saying they planned to cut output by up to 50-60pc in response to a weak market. In addition, higher scrap prices relative to iron ore in the past 4-5 months have squeezed EAF-based mill's margins. The Argus daily cfr Turkey assessment for HMS 1/2 80:20 grade scrap stood at $326/t on 16 February, up from a year-to-date low of $276.50/t cfr on 11 January.
The more diverse range of steel products made using the BOF route also gives those steelmakers more flexibility when rebar demand is weak. Recent months have seen flat steel producers maintain robust output by focusing on sales to Europe as the regional quota fills up.
