Another big jump in container shipping rates has driven up the cost of importing bitumen to sub-Saharan Africa in recent weeks, hitting buyers that rely on packaged supplies, especially road contractors in east Africa that depend on drummed bitumen from the Middle East for paving projects.
The latest surge in rates — which in many cases have shot up by at least 50pc on voyages to east, west and southern Africa compared with prevailing levels up until mid-July — is underpinned by a growing shortage of container ships globally. This has been triggered by longer east-west journey times as vessels sail around the Cape of Good Hope to avoid the risk of being attacked by Yemen's Houthi rebels in the Red Sea, a trend that shows no sign of abating.
Suppliers of drummed bitumen from Iran and other Middle East exporters point to worsening delays and shortages in container shipping services at storage and trans-shipment hubs in the region, such as Jebel Ali in the UAE. The longer voyages caused by the Red Sea boycott have meant increased bunker fuel consumption and more containers on the water.
International shipping lines have raised their rates for voyages from Jebel Ali to Mombasa in Kenya to $3,800/20ft container — equivalent to $190/t based on the typical number and size of bitumen drums in each container — from $2,700/container ($135/t) in mid-July. Rates to Dar es Salaam in Tanzania have jumped to $4,200/container ($210/t) from $2,800/container ($140/t) over the same period.
Rates for drummed supplies shipped direct to Mombasa and Dar es Salaam by the Iranian state-owned IRISL fleet have held steady in recent months at around $1,000/container ($50/t) and $1,100/container ($55/t), respectively.
Argus' latest assessment of Bandar Abbas/Jebel Ali freight rates for drummed bitumen shipments to Mombasa and Dar es Salaam is around $110/t and $125/t, respectively, up from $90-95/t in the week ending 19 July and $45/t in early December last year before the first wave of Houthi-related rate hikes.
First Covid, now this
Bitumen charterers say the container shipping problems have echoes of the jump in shipping rates during the Covid era. Bandar Abbas/Jebel Ali drummed bitumen rates to Mombasa and Dar es Salaam doubled from $55-60/t in May 2020 to peak at around $110/t in September 2022 before dropping back to $40-45/t in August last year ahead of the renewed spike.
Market participants also point to a large increase in international container shipping rates from the Mideast Gulf to other sub-Saharan African destinations. Rates to Matadi in the Democratic Republic of Congo have reached $6,450/container ($320-325/t) this month, compared with $3,700/container ($185/t) in June. Rates to Durban in South Africa were last week indicated around $3,200/container ($160/t), up from $2,700/container ($135/t) in June, while rates to Namibian ports recently jumped to $7,000/container ($350/t) from $4,000/container ($200/t).
West African markets such as Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon and Senegal — as well as South Africa, which also supplies trucks into neighbouring southern African markets — are far less dependent than their east African counterparts on containerised flows, whether in drums, bitutainers or bags, as they are equipped with terminals that receive cargoes on heated bitumen tankers.
Exporters of containerised bitumen from the Mideast Gulf or Pakistan are now finding it even more difficult to compete with bulk cargo values.
Nigerian bulk tanker cargo import prices stood at $616/t on a cfr basis last week. This compares with around $600/t for Mideast drummed bitumen delivered to Apapa in Lagos. Drummed bitumen carries significant additional handling costs and other expenditure on delivery, with the solid bitumen having to be melted in specialised units before it can be supplied for road projects.
