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Opinião: Passado, presente e futuro

  • Spanish Market: Crude oil, Oil products
  • 26/12/23

É véspera de Natal e – tal como Ebenezer Scrooge, na história de 1843 de Charles Dickens, Um Conto de Natal – a indústria de petróleo tem sonhos perturbadores. O Fantasma do Natal Passado lembra Scrooge que o amor ao dinheiro o impediu de fazer um casamento feliz. O Fantasma do Presente de Natal avisa sobre o desastre, a menos que ele mude de rumo. E o fantasma do Natal que ainda está por vir revela que ninguém se importa com sua morte. A alegoria moral e política de Dickens ressoou ruidosamente, 180 anos depois, na Cop 28, conferência climática realizada pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) em Dubai, enquanto os participantes debatiam se deveriam se comprometer com uma "eliminação progressiva" dos combustíveis fósseis.

O setor defende vigorosamente seu papel no futuro, prevendo uma vida mais longa e um declínio mais lento do que muitos acreditam ser compatível com os objetivos do Acordo de Paris. "Há uma demanda de petróleo e gás hoje e haverá no futuro", afirma o presidente da ExxonMobil, Darren Woods. "Basicamente, produziremos mais petróleo a um custo menor, de forma mais eficiente e com menos pegada ambiental. Esta é uma situação em que todos ganham."

O Cop 28 chegou a um consenso desconfortável, pedindo uma "transição para longe" dos combustíveis fósseis, que alguns ridicularizaram como um "Cop Out" (expressão em inglês para uma desculpa insatisfatória). No entanto, a indústria da commodity já se encontra no meio de uma transição, à medida que a atividade de exploração abranda, os horizontes de investimento diminuem e as empresas aumentam de tamanho através de fusões e aquisições para reduzir custos e serem mais competitivas. A expectativa de vida das reservas de petróleo upstream caiu pela metade: de 50 anos, há uma década, para 25 anos neste ano, informa o relatório Top Projects de 2023, do banco norte-americano Goldman Sachs. E, embora os gastos com upstream tenham se recuperado desde o colapso em 2020 e 2021, este novo ciclo é muito diferente do anterior, com o óleo de xisto norte-americano de ciclo curto agora em "modo de produção" e o ciclo mais longo, em águas profundas offshore, focado em desenvolvimentos de baixo custo, apontou a 39ª pesquisa de gastos com exploração e produção (E&P) do banco britânico Barclays.

As curvas futuras já refletem mudanças nas perspectivas do futuro do petróleo. Os preços do petróleo WTI a longo prazo subiram cerca de $10/b em comparação com o ano anterior, ao passo que os mercados consideram curvas de custos de oferta mais acentuadas. Após uma década de expansão dos recursos, devido principalmente ao óleo de xisto dos Estados Unidos, com curvas de custos mais longas e planas, a curva de custos do petróleo do relatório Top Projects, da Goldman Sachs, recuou desde 2017, tornando-se novamente mais curta e íngreme. O óleo de xisto dos EUA já não é um setor em expansão, com os acionistas buscando melhores retornos e os preços de equilíbrio para a perfuração de novos poços subindo devido à inflação e aos custos de capital mais elevados. E a reserva de projetos em águas profundas está recuando, com as empresas procurando pontos de equilíbrio mais baixos, de cerca de $50/b, para conter os riscos de investimentos de ciclo mais longo.

Ao contrário do petróleo, a curva de custos para zerar emissões de carbono está se tornando mais longa e plana, conforme a tecnologia melhora e os custos de capital diminuem – especialmente no extremo mais alto da curva de custos, afirma o relatório Carbonomics, de 2023, da Goldman Sachs. A conta para eliminar os 50pc mais baratos das emissões globais de gases de efeito de estufa se manteve perto de $1 trilhão nos últimos cinco anos. Mas a conta para alcançar a descarbonização de 75pc caiu quase metade, para $3,2 bilhões até 2023, ante $5,7 bilhões em 2019. E se o fornecimento de petróleo continuar mais caro e a redução de carbono mais barata, o argumento econômico para uma "transição" dos combustíveis fósseis deverá ser irresistível. "Mantenha sua mente aberta para uma variedade de soluções diferentes", diz Woods.

Como sempre, Dickens tem a resposta. "Viverei no Passado, no Presente e no Futuro!", exclama Scrooge, quando acorda de seus sonhos. "Os Espíritos de todos os Três lutarão dentro de mim."


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06/01/25

Caracas clamps down before disputed inauguration

Caracas clamps down before disputed inauguration

Caracas, 6 January (Argus) — Exiled Venezuelan politician Edmundo Gonzalez called on his opposition supporters to protest President Nicolas Maduro's plans to take the oath of office on 10 January, despite the US and other countries long backing claims of election fraud. Gonzalez was likely the winner of Venezuela's 28 July presidential election, international observers and others hold, but Maduro claimed victory and forced his opponent into exile in Spain. Gonzalez met with US president Joe Biden at the White House today, as part of several international visits. Protesting is "a task for everyone, for the political leadership but also for all Venezuelans who believe in democracy", Gonzalez said when leaving the White House today. The US has not changed its sanctions on Venezuela, including restrictions on crude exports, in response to the election results. Biden did not indicate that the US sanctions regime would change following his meeting with Gonzalez today, based on the White House readout of the meeting. "Both leaders agreed there is nothing more essential to the success of democracy than respecting the will of the people," the White House said. President-elect Donald Trump has not specified what will change after he takes office on 20 January, but many of the restrictions he put in place during his first term remain. The Venezuelan opposition may be hoping that the incoming US administration's officials, which include long-time Venezuela hardliners such as secretary of state nominee Marco Rubio and designated White House national security adviser Mike Waltz, would advance a tougher policy toward Maduro. But it is equally possible that Trump's plans to deport millions of migrants from the US would lead to dealmaking between the White House and Maduro, who said he would accept Venezuelans returning home from the US. In Caracas, Maduro's administration has heavily increasing police presence on the streets this week ahead of the swearing-in ceremony. Police lined platforms on the Caracas subway and guarded entry points into the city, searching most passengers and cars, causing lengthy delays. Police and paramilitary groups known as colectivos also surrounded the presidential palace of Miraflores. The main thoroughfare Avenida Urdaneta has been closed to motor traffic. Maduro's planning swearing-in has also led to additional diplomatic falling outs, with Venezuela breaking diplomatic ties with Paraguay after its president held a call with Gonzalez on Sunday and recognized him as the legitimate Venezuelan president. Venezuela had already severed ties with about a dozen countries in the area for siding with Gonzalez. Neighboring Brazil and Colombia are among the few Latin American countries with ambassadors in Caracas. Both Brazil and Colombia have promised to send a representative, although not their presidents, to the ceremony, but the EU has said it will not recognize the event. Gonzalez will be arrested if he tries to return to Venezuela, defense minister Vladimir Padrino reiterated today. The Maduro government is offering a $100,000 reward for information leading to Gonzalez' arrest. By Carlos Camacho Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2025. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Canadian prime minister Trudeau to resign


06/01/25
06/01/25

Canadian prime minister Trudeau to resign

Calgary, 6 January (Argus) — Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau said he will resign as soon as his Liberal Party selects a new leader to run in general elections expected later this year. Calls for Trudeau to resign have been growing for months but became too much to ignore as the Liberals continued to fall further behind the Conservative Party and its leader Pierre Poilievre in polling. Recent polls indicate the centre-right Conservatives would win a majority of seats in the House of Commons if an election were held today. "If I'm having to fight internal battles, I can't be the best option in that election," Trudeau said in Ottawa this morning. Parliament was set to return from a break on 27 January, at which time Conservatives were expected to attempt to trigger an election by way of a no-confidence vote. Canada's governor general — at Trudeau's request — extended the break until 24 March. That break will buy the Liberals time to find a new leader but it will be a tall order for any successor to both unite the party and also connect with Canadians on short notice before an expected spring election. "There will be confidence votes in March," said Trudeau, whose minority government has been propped up by the New Democratic Party (NDP). The NDP has helped Trudeau survive no-confidence votes in recent months, but on 20 December vowed that it would also bring the government down when it returned to session. Trudeau was elected as a member of parliament (MP) in 2008, leader of the Liberal Party in 2013, and has been prime minister since 2015 after defeating the then Stephen Harper-led Conservatives. There is no obvious replacement for Trudeau after deputy prime minister and finance minister Chrystia Freeland resigned last month , citing "costly political gimmicks," unrestrained spending and being at odds over the approach to the "grave challenge" of aggressive US nationalism. US president-elect Donald Trump has threatened a 25pc tariff on all imports from Canada and Mexico unless they tighten borders to crack down on drug trafficking and illegal migration into the US. Trudeau's plan to resign does not change the Conservative party's plans to call for new elections, Poilievre said today. "Every Liberal MP in power today and every potential leadership contender fighting for the top job helped Justin Trudeau break the country over the last nine years," he said. If elected, Poilievre plans to cut a number of environmental programs championed by the Liberals, including the carbon tax. The Conservatives support the continued use of oil and gas, exploration for hydrocarbons, and pipeline construction. The next federal election must occur on or before 25 October this year, according to the electoral calendar. By Brett Holmes Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2025. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

German fuel prices rise with new GHG quota, CO2 levy


06/01/25
06/01/25

German fuel prices rise with new GHG quota, CO2 levy

Hamburg, 6 January (Argus) — Prices for road fuels and heating oil in Germany rose at the start of the year as a result of an increased greenhouse gas (GHG) quota and CO2 levy, as well as higher Ice gasoil futures. Many filling stations are replenishing stocks, and low temperatures have led to more heating oil orders. German wholesale prices for heating oil, diesel, and gasoline increased because of a 1.25 percentage point increase in the GHG quota and a €10/t CO2 increase in the CO2 levy, which came in on 1 January. The increase in heating oil was €4.94/100l, in diesel €6.79/100l, and in gasoline €5.36/100l. Heating oil is excluded from Germany's GHG mandate. This price rise roughly matches Argus ' estimates from December. But higher Ice gasoil futures since the turn of the year led to a bigger price increase than originally expected. Lower gasoil imports from east of Suez into the Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp (ARA) hub in December are lending support to futures. Heating oil consumer stocks are on average 57pc full nationwide, but more was ordered in the first week of the new year than many traders had expected. Traders reported deal volumes of nearly 13,000m³ on January 2, the highest for a day since 15 December. One reason for this is the cold weather that has hit many regions in Germany, another is the price increase at the beginning of the year, which has boosted buying interest. Many market sources said diesel demand will only begin to pick up from the second half of January. Many wholesalers had sufficiently stocked up in December in expectation of the increased GHG quota and CO2 levy. Diesel stocks of commercial consumers were at a 12-month high of just under 59pc on 1 January, according to Argus MDX data. But stockbuilding towards the end of 2024 does not seem to have had a dampening effect on demand from filling stations. These are being resupplied since 2 January, and daily diesel amounts reported to Argus on that day were the highest since 19 December. Ship owners on the Rhine river said business will not fully resume until the second week of the year, and they expect January to remain quiet because of wholesalers' high diesel stocks. Importers' anticipated restocking with biodiesel will also not initially lead to price pressure, as the Rhine is deep enough for transit. By Johannes Guhlke Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2025. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Indonesia’s Pertamina launches B40 bunker prices


06/01/25
06/01/25

Indonesia’s Pertamina launches B40 bunker prices

Singapore, 6 January (Argus) — Indonesia's state-owned refiner Pertamina issued posted bunker prices for 40pc biodiesel blend (B40) for the first time on 6 January, in line with the country's mandate . Pertamina issued B40 prices today for five locations — Jakarta, Benoa, Surabaya, Balikpapan and Batam. They are effective for the first two weeks of January. The prices issued by Pertamina are for a blend of 500ppm (0.05pc) sulphur marine gasoil (MGO) and palm oil-based biodiesel . Prices were posted at $1,103/t for the port of Jakarta, $1,085/t for Benoa, $1,049/t for Surabaya, $1,087/t for Balikpapan and $910/t for Batam. Indonesia's biodiesel sector has been preparing for the transition from B35 to B40 on 1 January . Biodiesel producers have been given until the end of February to make the transition to B40 blends for all sectors. Pertamina produces three kinds of MGO at its refineries, two grades with 500ppm sulphur content and a third grade with 50ppm. By Mahua Chakravarty Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2025. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

US crude output at record 13.46mn b/d in Oct: EIA


03/01/25
03/01/25

US crude output at record 13.46mn b/d in Oct: EIA

Calgary, 3 January (Argus) — US crude production rose to a record 13.46mn b/d in October on sustained strength in Texas and New Mexico, according to the EIA's latest Petroleum Supply Monthly report. Output rose from 13.2mn b/d in September and 13.15mn b/d in October 2023, and pushed past the previous record of 13.36mn b/d set in August. Texas pumped a record 5.86mn b/d, up from 5.8mn b/d in September and 5.57mn b/d a year earlier, while New Mexico produced 2.08mn b/d, down slightly from record highs in August and September, but up from 1.8mn b/d in October 2023. Gulf of Mexico output rebounded to 1.85mn b/d from a hurricane-affected 1.57mn b/d in September, but was down from 1.94mn b/d a year earlier. Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2025. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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