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Opinião: Passado, presente e futuro

  • Market: Crude oil, Oil products
  • 26/12/23

É véspera de Natal e – tal como Ebenezer Scrooge, na história de 1843 de Charles Dickens, Um Conto de Natal – a indústria de petróleo tem sonhos perturbadores. O Fantasma do Natal Passado lembra Scrooge que o amor ao dinheiro o impediu de fazer um casamento feliz. O Fantasma do Presente de Natal avisa sobre o desastre, a menos que ele mude de rumo. E o fantasma do Natal que ainda está por vir revela que ninguém se importa com sua morte. A alegoria moral e política de Dickens ressoou ruidosamente, 180 anos depois, na Cop 28, conferência climática realizada pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) em Dubai, enquanto os participantes debatiam se deveriam se comprometer com uma "eliminação progressiva" dos combustíveis fósseis.

O setor defende vigorosamente seu papel no futuro, prevendo uma vida mais longa e um declínio mais lento do que muitos acreditam ser compatível com os objetivos do Acordo de Paris. "Há uma demanda de petróleo e gás hoje e haverá no futuro", afirma o presidente da ExxonMobil, Darren Woods. "Basicamente, produziremos mais petróleo a um custo menor, de forma mais eficiente e com menos pegada ambiental. Esta é uma situação em que todos ganham."

O Cop 28 chegou a um consenso desconfortável, pedindo uma "transição para longe" dos combustíveis fósseis, que alguns ridicularizaram como um "Cop Out" (expressão em inglês para uma desculpa insatisfatória). No entanto, a indústria da commodity já se encontra no meio de uma transição, à medida que a atividade de exploração abranda, os horizontes de investimento diminuem e as empresas aumentam de tamanho através de fusões e aquisições para reduzir custos e serem mais competitivas. A expectativa de vida das reservas de petróleo upstream caiu pela metade: de 50 anos, há uma década, para 25 anos neste ano, informa o relatório Top Projects de 2023, do banco norte-americano Goldman Sachs. E, embora os gastos com upstream tenham se recuperado desde o colapso em 2020 e 2021, este novo ciclo é muito diferente do anterior, com o óleo de xisto norte-americano de ciclo curto agora em "modo de produção" e o ciclo mais longo, em águas profundas offshore, focado em desenvolvimentos de baixo custo, apontou a 39ª pesquisa de gastos com exploração e produção (E&P) do banco britânico Barclays.

As curvas futuras já refletem mudanças nas perspectivas do futuro do petróleo. Os preços do petróleo WTI a longo prazo subiram cerca de $10/b em comparação com o ano anterior, ao passo que os mercados consideram curvas de custos de oferta mais acentuadas. Após uma década de expansão dos recursos, devido principalmente ao óleo de xisto dos Estados Unidos, com curvas de custos mais longas e planas, a curva de custos do petróleo do relatório Top Projects, da Goldman Sachs, recuou desde 2017, tornando-se novamente mais curta e íngreme. O óleo de xisto dos EUA já não é um setor em expansão, com os acionistas buscando melhores retornos e os preços de equilíbrio para a perfuração de novos poços subindo devido à inflação e aos custos de capital mais elevados. E a reserva de projetos em águas profundas está recuando, com as empresas procurando pontos de equilíbrio mais baixos, de cerca de $50/b, para conter os riscos de investimentos de ciclo mais longo.

Ao contrário do petróleo, a curva de custos para zerar emissões de carbono está se tornando mais longa e plana, conforme a tecnologia melhora e os custos de capital diminuem – especialmente no extremo mais alto da curva de custos, afirma o relatório Carbonomics, de 2023, da Goldman Sachs. A conta para eliminar os 50pc mais baratos das emissões globais de gases de efeito de estufa se manteve perto de $1 trilhão nos últimos cinco anos. Mas a conta para alcançar a descarbonização de 75pc caiu quase metade, para $3,2 bilhões até 2023, ante $5,7 bilhões em 2019. E se o fornecimento de petróleo continuar mais caro e a redução de carbono mais barata, o argumento econômico para uma "transição" dos combustíveis fósseis deverá ser irresistível. "Mantenha sua mente aberta para uma variedade de soluções diferentes", diz Woods.

Como sempre, Dickens tem a resposta. "Viverei no Passado, no Presente e no Futuro!", exclama Scrooge, quando acorda de seus sonhos. "Os Espíritos de todos os Três lutarão dentro de mim."


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London, 11 December (Argus) — Opec has revised down its global oil demand growth forecasts for 2024 and 2025 for a fifth time in a row. In its final Monthly Oil Market Report (MOMR) of the year, the producer group has cut its 2025 oil demand growth forecast by 90,000 b/d to 1.45mn b/d. This is entirely driven by a downgrade in its demand projection for the Middle East. From the start of this year right up until July, Opec had been forecasting global demand growth of 1.85mn b/d for next year. The group has also lowered its demand growth forecast for this year — by 210,000 b/d to 1.61mn b/d, mostly driven by reduced growth projections in the Middle East, India and the Americas. Up until July, Opec had been predicting that demand would increase by 2.25mn b/d this year. Opec's downward demand growth revisions slightly close the gap with other forecasters such as the IEA and EIA, which project much lower levels of consumption growth. The IEA sees oil demand growing by 920,000 b/d this year and by 990,000 b/d next year, while the EIA projects 890,000 b/d and 1.29mn b/d, respectively. On supply, Opec has kept its non-Opec+ liquids supply growth forecast for next year unchanged at 1.11mn b/d. But it has upgraded its estimate for this year by 50,000 b/d to 1.28mn b/d, underpinned by stronger-than-expected US production. Opec+ crude production — including Mexico — increased by 323,000 b/d to 40.665mn b/d in November, according to an average of secondary sources that includes Argus . The call on Opec+ crude remains 42.4mn b/d for this year and 42.7mn b/d for next year, according to the MOMR. Opec+ producers agreed earlier this month to delay a plan to start unwinding 2.2mn b/d of voluntary cuts by three months to April 2025 and to return the full amount over 18 months rather than a year. By Aydin Calik Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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Brazil's inflation accelerates to near 5pc in November


10/12/24
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10/12/24

Brazil's inflation accelerates to near 5pc in November

Sao Paulo, 10 December (Argus) — Brazil's headline inflation accelerated to a 14-month high in November, led by gains in food and transportation, according to government statistics agency IBGE. The consumer price index (CPI) rose to an annual 4.87pc in November from 4.76pc in the previous month, IBGE said. Food and beverage costs rose by an annual 7.63pc in November, accounting for much of the monthly increase, following a 6.65pc annual gain in October. Beef costs increased by an annual 15.43pc in November following an 8.33pc annual gain for the prior month. Higher beef costs in the domestic market are related to the Brazilian real's depreciation to the US dollar, with the exchange rate falling to a record-low R6.11/$1 at the end of November. The stronger dollar leads producers to prefer exports over domestic sales. Beef prices rose by 8pc for the month alone. Soybean oil prices rose by 27.75pc over the year. Transportation costs, another major contributor to the monthly acceleration, rose by an annual 3.11pc in November after a 2.48pc gain in October. On a monthly basis, transportation costs rose by 0.89pc in November, reversing a contraction of 0.38pc in October. Housing costs rose by 4pc over the 12-month period. Brazil's central bank last month hiked its target rate to 11.25pc, its second increase off a low of 10.5pc between May and September, to try to head off a resurgence in inflation. It was at a cyclical peak of 13.75pc from August 2022 through July 2023 as it sought to tamp down the post-Covid-19 surge in inflation. Fuel prices rose by an annual 8.78pc in November after a 7.22pc gain in October. Motor fuel costs fell by 0.15pc in November compared with a 0.17pc drop in October — thanks to lower ethanol and gasoline prices. Diesel prices contracted by 2.25pc in the 12-month period. Power costs slowed to an annual 3.46pc in November following a 11.58pc gain in October. Electricity prices contracted by a monthly 6.27pc after a decrease in power tariffs on 1 November. Monthly inflation slowed to 0.39pc in November from 0.56pc in October. The central bank's inflation goal for 2024 is 3pc, with a margin of 1.5pc above or below. By Maria Frazatto and Lucas Parolin Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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Mexico’s CRE lays off officials after reform


10/12/24
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10/12/24

Mexico’s CRE lays off officials after reform

Mexico City, 10 December (Argus) — Mexico's energy regulatory commission (CRE) has dismissed high-ranking officials and other staff shortly after congress approved constitutional amendments to eliminate independent regulators, market sources said. At least two unit chiefs — the heads of the legal and hydrocarbons units — were let go in recent days, sources with close knowledge of the matter told Argus . These positions are now marked as vacant in the CRE's online directory. In addition, seven subunits within the hydrocarbons division — overseeing natural gas, fuel and LPG markets, including storage and transportation — also appear vacant. The CRE did not respond to requests for comment. The CRE's commissioner president Leopoldo Melchi has designated Guadalupe Hernandez, a legal official in the hydrocarbons undersecretary at the energy ministry (Sener), to oversee certain functions, a source said. The layoffs are also expected to extend to the electricity unit, including its chief, Francisco Varela, according to market sources. Yet, these positions are still listed as filled in the online directory. These dismissals follow congress' approval of constitutional amendments to dismantle seven independent regulators, including the CRE and hydrocarbons regulator CNH. While the regulators will continue operating until laws implementing these changes are enacted — expected by early 2025 — the finance ministry has proposed a 33pc budget cut for the CRE and CNH in 2025. Some recent departures are linked to commissioner Luis Linares, who announced in November that he will step down on 1 January 2025. But the recent layoffs may signal a broader restructuring of the energy regulator. Under the amendments, the CRE's functions will be absorbed by a new office within Sener. The specifics of this transition will depend on the upcoming legal framework. Industry experts and companies are calling for the new regulatory bodies to retain technical independence and sufficient funding to oversee energy markets effectively, even after the constitutional changes. By Édgar Sígler Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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Norway to end new international fossil fuel financing


10/12/24
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10/12/24

Norway to end new international fossil fuel financing

London, 10 December (Argus) — Norway will from January no longer provide public finance for new unabated international fossil fuel projects, in line with a commitment it made in December last year. Norway's export credit agency, Eksfin, provides most of the country's financing for overseas fossil fuel projects. Eksfin provided between 8.78bn Norwegian kroner and 10.98bn NKr ($786mn- 983mn) over July 2021-June 2023 for fossil fuel projects, civil society organisation Oil Change International found. Norway signed the Clean Energy Transition Partnership (CETP) at the UN Cop 28 climate summit in 2023. The CETP aims to shift international public finance "from the unabated fossil fuel energy sector to the clean energy transition". The CETP, which now has 41 signatories, was launched at Cop 26 in 2021, with an initial 39 signatories including most G7 nations and several development banks. Signatories commit to ending new direct public support for overseas unabated fossil fuel projects within a year of joining. Abatement, under the CETP, refers to "a high level of emissions reductions" through operational carbon capture technology or "other effective technologies". It does not count offsets or credits. Australia, which also signed the CETP at Cop 28, said last week that it would no longer finance overseas fossil fuel projects. "Norway is also working to introduce common regulations for financing fossil energy within the international main agreement for state export financing in the OECD", the Norwegian government said today. Norway's policy "helps increase momentum" for an OECD deal that could end $41bn/yr in oil and gas export financing, Oil Change said. Countries are involved in "final negotiations" on the deal today, Oil Change added. By Georgia Gratton Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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Opec+ crude output rises in November


10/12/24
News
10/12/24

Opec+ crude output rises in November

London, 10 December (Argus) — Opec+ members subject to targets increased their collective crude output by 150,000 b/d in November, marking the alliance's first monthly production rise since March, Argus estimates. Although output increased to 33.55mn b/d last month, it was still 3.97mn b/d below the level the group was producing at when it announced the first of its current round of cuts in October 2022. It was also 300,000 b/d below the group's collective production target for the month. November's increase was mainly driven by Kazakhstan, where output was boosted by the restart of the 400,000 b/d Kashagan project following maintenance in October. Kazakh production rose by 220,000 b/d to 1.56mn b/d last month, leaving the country 90,000 b/d above its official production target. Kazakhstan has been one of the group's biggest overproducers this year, alongside Iraq and Russia. It has repeatedly pledged to compensate for exceeding its targets but has so far largely failed to deliver. Iraq — the group's largest overproducer — has made progress in recent months in reducing its production. Its output in November was again 20,000 b/d below its target at 3.98mn b/d, the same as in October. But it will need further reductions if it is to fully compensate for past overproduction. Compliance with output targets is a key measure of group discipline and crucial to the success of Opec+ production policy. Argus calculates that eight members of the coalition have produced above their targets on average between January and October of this year. Opec+ producers agreed earlier this month to push back a plan to start unwinding 2.2mn b/d of voluntary cuts by three months to April 2025 and agreed to return the full amount over 18 months rather than a year. Last month's production increase by the entire group — including quota-exempt Iran, Libya and Venezuela — was 350,000 b/d, with total output at 39.03mn b/d. This was mainly driven by Libya, which increased its output by 160,000 b/d to 1.24mn b/d as it continued to ramp up after emerging from a partial oil blockade in early October. Iran's output rebounded by 60,000 b/d to 3.36mn b/d. By Aydin Calik Opec+ crude production mn b/d Nov Oct* Nov target† ± target Opec 9 21.12 21.18 21.23 -0.11 Non-Opec 9 12.43 12.22 12.62 -0.19 Total 33.55 33.40 33.85 -0.30 *revised †includes additional cuts where applicable Opec wellhead production mn b/d Nov Oct* Nov target† ± target Saudi Arabia 8.93 8.95 8.98 -0.05 Iraq 3.98 3.98 4.00 -0.02 Kuwait 2.40 2.43 2.41 -0.01 UAE 2.97 2.93 2.91 0.06 Algeria 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.00 Nigeria 1.40 1.42 1.50 -0.10 Congo (Brazzaville) 0.25 0.27 0.28 -0.03 Gabon 0.22 0.23 0.17 0.05 Equatorial Guinea 0.06 0.06 0.07 -0.01 Opec 9 21.12 21.18 21.23 -0.11 Iran 3.36 3.30 na na Libya 1.24 1.08 na na Venezuela 0.88 0.90 na na Total Opec 12^ 26.60 26.46 na na *revised †includes additional cuts where applicable ^Iran, Libya and Venezuela are exempt from production targets Non-Opec crude production mn b/d Nov Oct* Nov target† ± target Russia 8.97 8.97 8.98 -0.01 Oman 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.00 Azerbaijan 0.48 0.48 0.55 -0.07 Kazakhstan 1.56 1.34 1.47 0.09 Malaysia 0.33 0.33 0.40 -0.07 Bahrain 0.17 0.18 0.20 -0.03 Brunei 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.00 Sudan 0.02 0.02 0.06 -0.04 South Sudan 0.06 0.06 0.12 -0.06 Total non-Opec 12.43 12.22 12.62 -0.19 *revised †includes additional cuts where applicable Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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