BYD: Brasil pode ser hub de elétricos na América Latina

: Battery materials, Biofuels, Metals, Oil products
24/01/30

A montadora chinesa BYD está construindo sua primeira fábrica no Brasil para atender à demanda nacional e internacional por veículos elétricos, em meio aos esforços globais para reduzir as emissões de CO2.

O complexo industrial está localizado em Camaçari, na Bahia, e terá capacidade de produção de 150.000 carros/ano, dois modelos 100pc elétricos e um híbrido plug-in, em sua primeira fase.

Com investimentos de R$3 bilhões, o início da construção está programado para fevereiro e as operações começarão em dezembro. Mas a BYD não está de olho somente no mercado brasileiro ao construir sua primeira fábrica no país.

"A expectativa é tornar o Brasil um hub de exportação para abastecer o mercado nacional e da América Latina", contou Alexandre Baldy, conselheiro especial da empresa e ex-ministro das Cidades do governo Temer, à Argus.

A estratégia acontece em um momento no qual montadoras asiáticas estão assumindo cada vez mais a liderança no mercado de veículos da América Latina.

Tal cenário ecoa no tamanho da instalação da BYD no Brasil: será seu maior centro industrial fora da China.

"Vemos o continente como um mercado potencial para a BYD e a transição energética", pontuou Baldy. "Estamos em uma fase avançada de desenvolvimento de projetos de instalação."

No ano passado, a China foi o segundo maior exportador de veículos para o país, subindo para 42.000 unidades entregues, contra 7.900 em 2022, informou a Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea).

A expansão asiática no setor automotivo do continente também impactou as exportações brasileiras para os países vizinhos, causando uma queda de envios em 2023.

Na última década, a participação da China nas importações de automóveis da América Latina saltou de 4,6pc para 21,2pc, enquanto a do Brasil caiu de 22,5pc para 19,4pc, conforme dados da Anfavea.

A GWM, outra montadora chinesa de veículos elétricos, também iniciará operações no país em maio. E Volkswagen, Fiat e Renault — que já produzem no Brasil — deverão lançar produtos eletrificados neste ano, segundo fontes especializadas.

Fábrica produzirá híbridos e elétricos

Inicialmente, a BYD fabricará três tipos de veículos no país, sendo dois 100pc elétricos e um híbrido plug-in – com baterias que podem ser carregadas na tomada, além do tanque de combustível.

"Acreditamos que o híbrido é um carro com características possíveis de terem maior acolhimento por parte do consumidor brasileiro", afirmou Baldy.

A gigante chinesa também está desenvolvendo um motor híbrido flex para combinar eletricidade e etanol no Brasil. Por isso, está construindo um polo de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) na Bahia para estudar a tecnologia, contou o porta-voz à Argus.

Entretanto, Baldy acrescentou que "o elétrico será também protagonista para termos uma mobilidade com o comprometimento ambiental", graças às fontes de energia amplamente renováveis da região.

A Anfavea projeta que as vendas de veículos elétricos movidos a bateria aumentem para 24.100 unidades em 2024, ante 15.200 no ano passado. A entidade prevê a alta mesmo considerando a volta da tarifa de importação em janeiro.

Enquanto isso, as vendas de híbridos devem crescer para 117.900 unidades este ano, em relação a 73.600 em 2023.

A participação de mercado dos veículos híbridos e 100pc elétricos no país foi de 3,4pc e 0,9pc, respectivamente, em 2023. O carro flex – capaz de usar etanol hidratado e gasolina de forma intercambiável – ainda é o mais procurado no Brasil, representando 83pc deste total.

As unidades da BYD na Bahia ficarão localizadas no antigo complexo da Ford, em Camaçari. A cidade é um polo industrial e uma das 71 cidades brasileiras integradas ao Mercosul.

Além da expansão da produção, a BYD aumentará sua rede de concessionárias no país para 250 sedeadas nos principais estados até o fim de 2024.

Por Laura Guedes

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24/12/30

Viewpoint: Zinc prices to drop in 2025 on higher supply

London, 30 December (Argus) — Zinc prices increased this year as supply was tight, but prices are expected to soften next year because of improved supply and continued weak demand in key consumption markets. Zinc has been one of the best performers of the London Metal Exchange base metals this year, trading above $3,000/t going into December compared with a $2,537/t average in January. This puts this year's average price 6pc higher than the 2023 average. The price strength seen this year can be attributed to supply pressures, including production disruptions at key mines. Global mining group Glencore's McArthur River mine in Australia halted operations in March owing to extreme rainfall, and Chinese mining company MMG's Dugald River mine in China was placed under care and maintenance during the third quarter. The zinc market had a 164,000t deficit in 2024, according to forecasts from the International Lead and Zinc Study Group (ILZSG), additionally driven by reduced mined output from Swedish metals producer Boliden's Tara mine in Ireland, and Portuguese mining company Almina's Aljustrel mines in Portugal. Higher supply forecast Supply is expected to increase in 2025, with ILZSG forecasting a surplus of 148,000t for the year, as new mine supply is scheduled to ramp up. One of the biggest supply-side developments is the reopening of Canadian mining firm Ivanhoe Mines' Kipushi mine in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Kipushi is expected to produce 278,000 t/yr of zinc over its first five years, and will become Africa's largest zinc mine and the fourth-largest globally, according to Ivanhoe. In Europe, higher output from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Portugal, and the reopening of the Tara operations in Ireland, will contribute to the overall increase in supply, according to ILZSG. Russia's production is also expected to rise, supported by the recently opened Ozerneoye plant . Australia, Canada, China, Japan, the Netherlands and Norway will also all see concentrate supply increases next year, particularly in the first quarter, with an expansion at Boliden's Odda smelter due to ramp up output early in the new year. Global mined supply has declined over the past three years, but trading firm Macquarie expects global mine supply to grow by 5.8pc in 2025. Total project approvals this year reached around 570,000 t/yr of zinc, Macquarie said in its 2025 global commodity outlook, published on 5 December. Persistent weak demand But demand growth may be insufficient to absorb this additional output, leading to oversupply in the coming years. Global carbon steel demand has fallen this year, as construction sector demand has generally been weak across most major economies, including China. Construction steel accounts for 55pc of zinc end demand, according to Macquarie. The Argus weekly ex-works northwest Europe assessment for hot-dipped galvanised steel — one of the main products that use zinc — has dropped by nearly 17pc from the start of the year to €665/t ($690/t) on 4 December, reflecting a struggling steel sector in Europe. European manufacturing activity also remains weak, with the automobile sector facing a number of factory closures because of subdued demand. German carmaker Volkswagen announced in late October that it plans to close at least three plants and lay off thousands of employees, as the firm attempts to save money amid falling sales because of an overall decrease in European car demand. And global automaker Stellantis plans to cut its inventories going into the new year. Macquarie predicts that global refined zinc demand will grow by 1.7pc in 2025, which is lower than the previously anticipated 2.5pc growth rate because of uncertainty surrounding potential new US tariffs following the inauguration of president-elect Donald Trump in January. The proposed tariffs could impact the strength of the US dollar and global trade. Zinc premiums in Europe decreased in 2024. The Argus Rotterdam SHG zinc premium dropped by nearly 30pc throughout the year, reflecting weaker consumption from downstream industries, particularly construction and manufacturing. Ongoing uncertainty over global economic conditions, high energy costs and new supply in Europe will likely play a role in keeping premiums subdued. Price outlook 2025 Given the anticipated supply surplus and the ongoing demand lag, analysts are generally bearish on zinc prices in 2025. The 2024 zinc price currently averages at $2,800/t, but the World Bank and ratings agency Fitch both expect this to decline to $2,600/t in 2025, followed by a further drop to $2,500/t in 2026. Similarly, Macquarie forecasts the zinc price to drop to $2,650/t next year and to $2,450/t in 2026, reflecting expectations of a market surplus. By Roxana Lazar Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Viewpoint: Ti scrap’s rebound pinned on Boeing, melters

24/12/30

Viewpoint: Ti scrap’s rebound pinned on Boeing, melters

Houston, 30 December (Argus) — Domestic titanium scrap demand and, in turn, prices are expected to increase in the second half of 2025, supported by a recovery in aircraft build rates and expansions in titanium melters' capacity that have boosted sentiment across the supply chain following a disappointing year. Industry expectations of greater scrap requirements in 2024 — predicated on aerospace manufacturers increasing their build rates — failed to materialize after production missteps and supply chain bottlenecks forced Boeing to curb output of its main aircraft programs and Airbus to delay its ramp targets . US prices for aerospace-grade titanium scrap have tumbled this year compared with 2023 averages, with 6-4 turnings off by 25pc and 6-4 bulk weldable down by 13pc through mid-December from the same period the prior year. Titanium melters' efforts to control input costs have had a trickle-down effect across the scrap supply chain, compelling processors and dealers to reduce their bids also to protect margins. Scrap suppliers foresee stronger consumption signals for 2025, pointing to the return of Boeing's 737 MAX production following a seven-week strike and the gradual decline of scrap inventories that have remained elevated relative to demand. Dealer and processors also are looking forward to the return of normalized build rates for Boeing's 787 Dreamliner, its main wide-body model that contains about 15pc titanium compared with around 6pc for the 737. Production of the 787 has been hampered this year because of parts shortages , which the airframer expects to stamp out before year end. Still, those outlooks may be upended depending on whether US president-elect Donald Trump follows through with his plans to impose sweeping tariffs on all imports into the US, and sources told Argus that any recovery likely will not take place until the summer at the earliest, cautioning that it would take months before the scrap industry would benefit from the comeback in aircraft manufacturing. Feeding new furnaces Market participants are banking on additional ingot production capacity that is scheduled to come on line in 2025 to fuel demand for aerospace-grade scrap, saying titanium melters will want to keep their new furnaces running hot. ATI expects to finish product qualifications related to its expansion at its Richland, Washington, operations next year, which should boost its melting capacity by 35pc over 2022 levels. Titanium Metals (TIMET) this summer plans to commission its new plant in Ravenswood, West Virginia, which is expected to turn out 33mn lbs of ingot annually in the project's first phase. Still, lengthy product qualifications may push out any benefit for the scrap supply chain to 2026. Perryman currently is ramping up after expanding its facility in Coal Center, Pennsylvania, that should grow the company's melting capacity by 16mn lbs to 42mn lbs annually. All those additions could lead to a run-up in scrap prices because of greater competition by melters for the same units, while longer lead times to get milled titanium products into machine shops creates a lag effect that leaves downstream generation largely unchanged. Trump-induced uncertainty A major source of uncertainty for next year centers around Trump's tariff policies, which have caused concern in the market. Trump campaigned on vows to levy 60pc duties on shipments from China, and more recently pledged 25pc duties on shipments from Mexico and Canada, and a 20pc duty on all other imports. If those come to fruition, it would increase costs for imports of titanium scrap — currently freely traded for all countries except China. But the tariff threats could also be Trump's way of generating negotiating leverage for his aims. "A duty on scrap from Europe and Japan would be a disaster for the industry," one source said. US titanium scrap imports reached 23,578 metric tonnes (t) through January-October, eclipsing the 22,453t sent in the same period in 2023 — a four-year high — and nearing pre-pandemic levels. By Alex Nicoll Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Viewpoint: AI hypes electronics, wider demand weak

24/12/30

Viewpoint: AI hypes electronics, wider demand weak

London, 30 December (Argus) — The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) could support demand for some electronic metals, but a weaker than expected recovery in the wider semiconductor market indicates that the overall demand picture for electronics remains mixed going into 2025. This year saw major growth for AI as AI chat bots and AI-capable smartphones entered the mainstream. Apple began the rollout of its Apple Intelligence software in October, catching up with competitors such as Samsung's Galaxy AI system, which launched in March. And in November Open AI's large language model ChatGPT reached 200mn active weekly users, doubling from a year earlier, as the day-to-day use of large language models has entered the mainstream and become more normalised. The deployment of AI and machine learning will be supported by the physical expansion of data centres and the development of hardware. This will require more of the specialty materials that make up electronic components, especially as these components will need to adapt to be more energy efficient and capable of handling more data. A single query to Chat GPT uses 10 times more electricity than a Google search and according to research from Goldman Sachs the data centre growth needed to support the rollout of AI could increase electricity demand by up to 160pc by 2030. This rising electricity demand is expected to boost demand for gallium nitride (GaN)-based power electronics, which switch the current and voltage flowing through a device. GaN power electronics lose less energy as heat , compared with standard silicon power electronics, and are able to operate at higher temperatures. As cooling makes up as much as 40pc of a data centre's energy consumption, switching to GaN-based power electronics could significantly reduce data centre energy usage and operating costs. Another compound semiconductor material that could receive a boost from AI and data centre growth is indium phosphide (InP), which is used in data and telecom transceivers, advanced sensors, and eventually could be essential to 6G wireless and satellite communications networks. InP-based photonic integrated circuits can transfer large amounts of data much more quickly and with greater energy efficiency than standard electronic integrated circuits, which could make them a key technology for data centres that need to quickly transfer large amounts of data between internal AI clusters. The US government has recognised the importance of InP technology, with CHIPS act funding going to multiple InP expansion projects this year . But despite this potential boost from AI and data centre demand, the overall demand picture from electronics has been mixed. US-based specialty materials producer Materion reported in its third-quarter results that semiconductor recovery has remained slower than expected this year, despite stronger demand for logic and memory chips used in high performance computing, and that the market for 2025 will be difficult to predict. Materion produces materials used in electronics and chip manufacturing, including tantalum sputtering targets used for thin film vapour deposition, as well as antimony, hafnium, aluminium and molybdenum chemicals used in atomic layer deposition and ion implantation processes. Major chip equipment maker ASML caused a stir among chip investors in the third quarter when it adjusted down its revenue prediction for 2025 to €30-35bn, from €30-40bn. Semiconductor manufacturers are limiting their capacity expansions because of slower than expected chip demand recovery in the wider market, ASML said. Demand for chips peaked towards the end of the Covid-19 pandemic as supply bottlenecks and a sharp increase in demand for consumer electronics lifted shipments of silicon wafers for electronics to a peak of 14,565mn² inches (MSI) in 2022. In comparison, shipments in 2024 are expected to total 12,174MSI, data from semiconductor industry association Semi show. Silicon wafers are the substrate on which most chips are built, so can be a good indicator of wider demand dynamics in the electronics industry. Global silicon wafer shipments are expected to increase to 13,328MSI in 2025, data from Semi show, but 2024 recovery was also expected to be much stronger and never materialised. So, despite the growth expected from the rollout of AI, the overall electronics picture remains murky. By Sian Morris Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Viewpoint: Chancay port may increase Peru bunker demand

24/12/30

Viewpoint: Chancay port may increase Peru bunker demand

New York, 30 December (Argus) — The opening of Peru's Chancay port next year likely will boost the country's bunkering demand and drive-up competition on the Latin American Pacific coast. Able to accommodate larger ships and vessels equipped with marine exhaust scrubbers, the unveiling of the new facility — likely in the first quarter — could spur demand for very low-sulphur fuel oil (VLSFO) and high-sulphur fuel oil (HSFO). Chancay, which is owned by Chinese state-owned port operating company Cosco Shipping and Peruvian mining company Volcan, has a 17.8-meter depth, compared with a depth of 16 meters in El Callao part, which is south of Chancay near Lima, Peru. Chancay's depth allows it to receive container ships with a capacity of up to 18,000 twenty-foot equivalent units The larger vessels will likely take on around 3,000-5,000 metric tonnes of marine fuel in one port call, according to one source familiar with the Peruvian bunker market. "The port is gradually beginning to receive container vessels, RoRo, and bulk carriers," said Augusto Ganoza, who heads Chilean bunker supplier Agunsa's operations in Peru. "I anticipate an increase in bunkering demand at Chancay, particularly if vessels call at Callao first and then proceed to Chancay, which I believe will be the case for most." But bunker buying appetite in Chancay also will depend on marine fuel prices in China. El Callao VLSFO was assessed at a $85/t premium to Zhoushan, China, in November. That differential tightened from its peak earlier this year at $143/t in April. That differential could temper the expected increase in bunkering demand in Peru. Other market contacts from outside Peru said that any increase in demand stemming from Chancay's opening is unlikely to drag down activity in competing ports such as Panama, largely because of higher prices in Peru and better quality of bunker fuel available in Panama. The VLSFO November monthly average in El Callao was $656/t, which was an $89/t premium to Panama VLSFO. By Luis Gronda Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Viewpoint: US midcon E15 shift looms again

24/12/30

Viewpoint: US midcon E15 shift looms again

Houston, 30 December (Argus) — A potential reformulation of gasoline in eight midcontinent states to accommodate year-round 15pc ethanol gasoline (E15) could lead to shortages in midcontinent fuel supply and an increase in retail prices in 2025. Approaching the 2025 summer driving season, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin and, now, Missouri once again await the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) enforcement of compliance on their exclusion from the 1-psi rule. The one-pound waiver in the Clean Air Act allows for a 1 psi higher Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP), a more expensive specification for 9-10pc ethanol blend that allows gasoline during the summer to be 9 RVP. Opting out would lead to the production of two separate grades of gasoline, the standard summer 9 RVP CBOB and a new, non-waiver 7.80 RVP CBOB that could be blended into E15. Many of the refiners and pipelines in the region would serve states that have opted out of the waiver, and states that will remain within the waiver and the lack of uniformity in specifications across the midcontinent would likely cause difficulty in logistics for refiners and pipeline operators. This new 7.80 RVP gasoline formulation would be a boutique grade CBOB that would only be found in the midcontinent during the summer, adding to the difficulty of producing the grade. The differences between the waiver and the non-waiver grades of gasoline would be mostly contained to the summer driving season, according to participants in the US midcontinent gasoline market. American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers (AFPM), a trade association for fuel makers, again petitioned the EPA to delay the midcontinent governors' request until 2026. AFPM cited a new study by US consultancy Baker and O'Brien that forecast a 131,000 b/d decrease in CBOB production if the midcontinent states were to opt out of the waiver. This would be the equivalent of a sustained refinery outage in the region and could lead to supply-cost increases of 9-12¢/USG, up from an estimated 8-12¢/USG a year earlier. Baker and O'Brien's study also indicated that supply costs could be between $700mn and $1.2bn, with the lower end using the 185 days of the summer driving season with no disruptions and the upper end of the range assuming at least a two-week regional supply shortage. The study also said that a delay until 2026 would allow for more time to implement the capital investments needed to fully accommodate the change to non-waiver gasoline in some of the states but noted that many of the improvements needed would take two years to complete. Many refiners and pipeline operators are hesitant to invest when a legislative solution could make the changes unnecessary. US Gulf coast supply lines The US midcontinent relies on the US Gulf coast to provide resupply in the event of a refinery outage in the region or to accommodate increasing demand. The Explorer Pipeline which connects from the US Gulf coast to the US midcontinent is one of the major pipelines to deliver product into the region. Transit time on the pipeline for delivery to the Chicago area is roughly two weeks. The US midcontinent in 2021-2024 averaged receipts of 1.16mn bl/month of finished gasoline during the May-September summer driving season, according to US Energy Information Administration data. The arbitrage for shipping CBOB into the US midcontinent from the US Gulf coast is already on average open across the summer. A change in formulations would likely increase the need for product. Southern US midcontinent CBOB averaged an 8.33¢/USG premium to US Gulf coast product during the summer, over the Explorer's 7.14¢/USG tariff for shipping product from Pasadena, Texas, to Tulsa, Oklahoma. Chicago's Buckeye Complex CBOB averaged a 10.10¢/USG premium to its Gulf coast counterpart, also over the 8.40¢/USG tariff for shipping. History of delays The governors of Iowa, Nebraska, Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Kansas, South Dakota and North Dakota in 2022 requested an exclusion from the 1-pound waiver in the Clean Air Act by claiming the waiver was contributing to air pollution in those states, a request that would require blendstocks for E10 and E15 sold in those states to be reformulated. The EPA granted their request in February 2024, but delayed lifting the waiver for summer 2024, following a slew of petitions from trade associations, refiners and pipeline companies asking for delays. The measure is still pending. President Joe Biden's administration avoided a potential disruption to seasonal E15 sales by tapping emergency powers in April 2022 to allow for the sale of E15 during the approaching summer, citing supply disruptions in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. EPA issued similar emergency waivers ahead of summer in 2023 and 2024 to facilitate the sale of E15, using the waiver 9 RVP gasoline. The US Congress is considering legislation options to avoid requirements to reformulate gasoline. A stopgap government funding bill that would fund the government through March included language to extend the one-pound waiver to E15 year-round and make the shift by the eight midcontinent states and the attached reformulation unnecessary. But the E15 provision was pulled from the stopgap funding bill following criticisms from President-elect Donald Trump and Telsa chief executive Elon Musk . By Zach Appel Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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