US elections undecided as some polls close: Update

Spanish Market: Coal, Crude oil, Emissions, Natural gas, Oil products
06/11/24

Updates with changes throughout

Early voting results from key US swing states point to a tight race between former president Donald Trump and vice president Kamala Harris, with the outcome carrying high stakes for energy policy, trade and climate change.

Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, North Carolina, Georgia, Arizona and Nevada are the swing states that will decide which candidate reaches the threshold of 270 electoral votes needed to win the election.

Early results from Georgia point to a slight advantage for Trump relative to his 2020 results in that state, which President Joe Biden then carried by nearly 12,000 votes.

But early voting results also point to slight gains for Harris in some demographic segments relative to Biden's 2020 performance. That would make election results in Wisconsin, Michigan and Pennsylvania — which typically take days to complete the count — crucial for determining the outcome. Winning all three states would secure a victory for either candidate.

In the US Senate, Republicans have a pathway to win control with a 51-49 majority by flipping one more seat, after West Virginia governor Jim Justice (R) was declared the winner in that state's Senate race by the Associated Press. Democrats are defending seats in close races in Montana, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. If the Senate is tied, control will go to the party that wins the presidential election.

Even before polls closed today, Trump said there was a "lot of talk about massive CHEATING in Philadelphia" in a post on his social media site, in a rerun of his strategy in the 2020 election of making unsubstantiated claims about voting. Harris, in a campaign speech on Monday in Pennsylvania, said the election offered a chance to "turn the page on a decade of politics that have been driven by fear and division".

Trump has focused heavily on energy policy and voter frustration about inflation in his bid for a second term. US motorists were paying an average of $3.07/USG for regular grade gasoline in the week ended on 4 November, the lowest price in 10 months, but still higher than at any point in Trump's first term. On the campaign trail, Trump has promised to bring down energy prices through a policy to "drill, baby, drill" and dismantling President Joe Biden's signature climate initiative, the Inflation Reduction Act.

Harris has pledged to support the 2022 law and other Biden energy policies, such as continued support for electric vehicles. Harris has disavowed her 2019 pledge to ban hydraulic fracturing. But oil and gas companies remain concerned about restrictions on federal leasing and efforts to electrify the vehicle fleet if she is elected.

The next president will decide key questions on energy policy, such as the licensing of new US LNG export facilities and regulating carbon emissions from power plants, oil and gas facilities and vehicles. The election will carry equally high stakes for companies involved in metals, agriculture and other commodities. Trump is planning a combative approach to trade, with a 20pc tariff on all foreign imports and even higher tariffs against China. In 2025, the US Congress is also poised for a major fight on tax policy because of the year-end expiration of an estimated $4 trillion in tax cuts.

On foreign policy, the next president will face decisions on the future of US restrictions on Russian energy exports and US sanctions against Iran and Venezuela and how to contain the growing threat of an Israel-Iran war and its potential impacts on oil flows from the Middle East.

Polls also show a tight race in the fight for control of the US House of Representatives, where Republicans hold a 220-212 majority and where up to 22 seats are deemed competitive, election ratings firm Cook Political Report says.

By Chris Knight and Haik Gugarats

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26/12/24

Viewpoint: US jet fuel demand to trail passenger growth

Houston, 26 December (Argus) — The upward trajectory of US jet fuel demand is likely to continue lagging the pace of rising passenger numbers because of recent capacity gains for multiple US airlines and the slow but steady improvement of aircraft fuel efficiency. More than 2.35mn travelers were screened weekly at US airports this year through the end of November, according to the US Transportation Security Administration (TSA) — a 6.2pc increase from the same 11-month period in 2019, before the Covid-19 pandemic curtailed domestic and international flights. Passenger screenings have exceeded 2019 levels consistently since the summer of 2023. Yet US jet fuel products supplied — a proxy for demand — remains stubbornly below pre-Covid-19 levels, despite the rise in traffic. Weekly jet fuel products supplied this year through 13 December was 1.66mn b/d, down by 6.5pc from daily demand in full-year 2019, according to US Energy Information Administration (EIA) data. This slower recovery in jet demand relative to rising passenger numbers may be driven by several factors, including airlines carrying more passengers than in the past, as well as steady improvements in aircraft fuel efficiency. More seats, more flyers Many US airlines have increased flying capacity, as measured by available seat miles (ASMs), since pre-pandemic levels, while load factor — the percentage of seats filled by passengers — has been stable to lower compared with 2019. United Airlines' 2024 third quarter ASMs were up by 14pc at 81.54bn compared with the same three months in 2019. United's load factor was down by 0.8 percentage points to 85.3pc in the same period. Rival US carriers American Airlines and Southwest Airlines similarly posted capacity increases of 14pc and 15pc, respectively, compared with the third quarter of 2019. American's load factor was unchanged at 86.6pc, while Southwest saw a decline of 2.3pc to 81.2pc. Airlines have also made fuel efficiency improvements in recent years. This is in part from the retirement of many older airplane models during the lean years of the pandemic, combined with delivery of newer, more efficient models in more recent years. Southwest Airlines' third quarter fuel efficiency improved by 1.5pc year-over-year, the company said in October. Southwest improved its fuel efficiency with the delivery of nine Boeing MAX 8 aircraft in the third quarter while retiring 15 older planes. The MAX 8's and MAX 9s have average fuel efficiencies of 96 and 101 seat miles per USG (sm/USG), respectively. That would make them 23pc and 30pc more efficient than older planes they may have replaced, such as the Boeing 737-800, with a 78 sm/USG. Other airlines are also refreshing their fleets with newer, more fuel-efficient planes. American Airline's mainline fleet at the end of the third quarter grew by 2.2pc from a year earlier to 971 aircraft. It took in 600 new aircraft from 2013 to 2023, including 31 new planes in 2023. United Airline's third-quarter fleet was similarly 3.4pc larger than a year earlier. But there are limits to this growing efficiency. Globally the average age of airline fleets has risen to 14.8 years, according data from the International Air Transport Association (Iata) — up from 13.6 years in 1990-2024. This is due largely to the steep dropoff in new plane deliveries as aircraft manufacturers struggled with supply chain issues and high costs from the pandemic. Boeing, a chief provider of planes for many US airlines, had a spate of production disruptions in 2024, including a multi-week strike this past fall, that slowed the delivery of newer aircraft. But even a trickle of newer models would gradually affect fuel efficiency, potentially continuing to hold gains in fuel consumption below the rate of passenger growth. By Jared Ainsworth Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Viewpoint: MEH-Midland spread to remain wider in 2025

26/12/24

Viewpoint: MEH-Midland spread to remain wider in 2025

Houston, 26 December (Argus) — WTI Houston's premium to WTI in Midland, Texas, is set to hold at 50¢/bl or wider in 2025, boosted by swelling volumes headed toward the Gulf coast as Houston grows in importance as a center for price discovery. The locational spread between WTI Houston and Midland rose steadily throughout 2024, averaging 49¢/bl year-to-date and widening as high as $1.41/bl during the June trade month as the 1.5mn b/d Wink-to-Webster pipeline was taken offline for repairs. In 2023, the spread averaged 21¢/bl. Trading activity for WTI at Oneok's Magellan East Houston (MEH) terminal — both in the physical and financial markets — climbed to all-time highs in 2024. Reported trade month volumes for WTI Houston swelled to 1.26mn b/d during the December trade cycle, a high for the year, and just 0.8pc below its previous record. On 16 December, WTI Houston trade closed the day at 153,000 b/d for the January trade cycle, the highest single-day trade volume in the history of Argus assessments of the grade. In financial markets, WTI Houston trade activity broke records in 2024, with open interest on CME's WTI Houston futures contract climbing to an all-time high of 412,519 lots — each 1,000 bl — on 21 November. MEH demand up despite export slowdown Trading activity broke records even as US crude exports slowed in the latter half of 2024 on Chinese economic woes that dampened Asian demand. New Chinese stimulus initiatives, namely relaxed fiscal and monetary policy , are meant to reverse that trend, but it remains to be seen if the efforts will work. Further challenges weighing on the US export market are a strengthening dollar combined with a high degree of uncertainty surrounding president-elect Donald Trump's proposed tariff plans, which feature ratcheting-up trade tensions with China even more. Multiple projects to add Permian takeaway capacity at the Texas Gulf coast are in various stages of planning, which could eventually open the window for ever-larger WTI export volumes, and further support WTI Houston against Midland. But industry participants have grown skeptical of the need for new export terminals or other projects. Midstream companies showed little enthusiasm for pitching new coast-bound pipelines from the Permian basin in their end-of-year investor reports . Key firms previously sought more takeaway capacity before the Covid-19 pandemic, when WTI Houston premiums to WTI in Midland consistently topped $1/bl, which would help recoup pipeline construction costs. As it stands, the roughly 3mn b/d total available pipeline capacity from the Permian basin to the Houston area is likely to remain static in coming years. This status quo for onshore infrastructure will help prop open the Houston-Midland WTI premium for the coming year, even if export demand fails to picks up in 2025. By Gordon Pollock WTI Houston-WTI Midland spread Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Viewpoint: US tariffs may push more Canadian crude east

26/12/24

Viewpoint: US tariffs may push more Canadian crude east

Singapore, 26 December (Argus) — Canada may divert crude supplies from the US to Asia-Pacific via the Trans Mountain Expansion (TMX) pipeline in 2025, should president-elect Donald Trump impose tariffs on Canadian imports. Trump has declared that he will implement a 25pc tax on all imports originating from Canada after he is sworn into office on 20 January. This will effectively add around $16/bl to the cost of sending Canadian crude to the US, based on current prices, and impel US refiners to cut their purchases. The US imported 4.57mn b/d of Canadian crude in September, according to data from the EIA. Canadian crude producers are expected to turn to Asian refiners in their search for new export outlets. This is especially after Asian refiners gained easier access to such cargoes following the start-up of the 590,000 b/d TMX pipeline in May. The new route significantly shortens the journey to ship crude from Canada to Asia. It takes about 17 days for a voyage from Vancouver to China, compared with 54 days from the US Gulf coast to the same destination. China has become the main outlet for Asia-bound shipments from Vancouver, accounting for about 87pc of the 200,000 b/d exported over June-November, according to data from oil analytics firms Vortexa and Kpler (see chart). But even if the full capacity of the TMX pipeline is utilised to export crude to Asia from Vancouver, it will still only represent a fraction of current Canadian crude exports to the US. Vancouver sent just 154,000 b/d via the TMX pipeline to US west coast refiners over June-November, Vortexa and Kpler data show. Meanwhile, latest EIA figures show more than 2.63mn b/d of Canadian crude was piped into the US midcontinent in September, while US Gulf coast refiners imported 469,000 b/d. This means Canadian crude prices will likely come under downward pressure from higher costs for its key US market, should Trump's proposed tariffs come to pass. This will further incentivise additional buying from Chinese customers, as well as other refiners based elsewhere in Asia-Pacific. India, South Korea, Japan, and Brunei have already imported small volumes of Canadian TMX crude in 2024. A question of acidity But other Asian refiners have so far been reluctant to step up their heavy sour TMX crude imports because of concerns over the high acidity content. China has been mainly taking Access Western Blend (AWB), which has a total acid number (TAN) as high as 1.6mg KOH/g. Acid from high-TAN crude collects in the residue at the bottom of refinery distillation columns where it can corrode units, which deters many refineries from processing such grades. But Chinese refiners have been able to dilute the acidity level by blending their AWB cargoes with light sweet Russian ESPO Blend, allowing them to save costs compared to buying medium sour crude from the Mideast Gulf. Cold Lake, the other grade coming out of the TMX pipeline, has a lower TAN and is currently popular with refiners on the US west coast. But higher costs from potential tariffs could prompt Cold Lake exports to be redirected from the US to buyers in South Korea, Japan, and Brunei — which had all bought the grade previously. Canadian crude appears to have so far displaced medium sour grades in Asia-Pacific, and this trend is expected to continue should TMX crude flows to the region climb higher in 2025. More Canadian crude heading to Asia may displace and free up more Mideast Gulf medium sour supplies to buyers in other regions, including US refiners looking for replacements to their Canadian crude imports. This will also limit the flows of other arbitrage grades like US medium sour Mars crude to Asia-Pacific, which has already seen exports to Asia dwindle in 2024. Opec+ is also due to begin unwinding voluntary production cuts in April 2025, which means Canadian producers will likely have to lower prices sufficiently to attract buyers from further afield. By Fabian Ng TMX exports from Vancouver (b/d) Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Viewpoint: California dairy fight spills into 2025

24/12/24

Viewpoint: California dairy fight spills into 2025

Houston, 24 December (Argus) — California must begin crafting dairy methane limits next year as pressure grows for regulators to change course. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has committed to begin crafting regulations that could mandate the reduction of dairy methane as it locked in incentives for harvesting gas to fuel vehicles in the state. The combination has frustrated environmental groups and other opponents of a methane capture strategy they accuse of collateral damage. Now, tough new targets pitched to help balance the program's incentives could become the fall-out in a new lawsuit. State regulators have repeatedly said that the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) is ill-suited to consider mostly off-road emissions from a sector that could pack up and move to another state to escape regulation. California's LCFS requires yearly reductions of transportation fuel carbon intensity. Higher-carbon fuels that exceed the annual limits incur deficits that suppliers must offset with credits generated from the distribution to the state of approved, lower-carbon alternatives. Regulators extended participation in the program to dairy methane in 2017. Dairies may register to use manure digesters to capture methane that suppliers may process into pipeline-quality natural gas. This gas may then be attributed to compressed natural gas vehicles in California, so long as participants can show a path for approved supplies between the dairy and the customer. California only issues credits for methane cuts beyond other existing requirements. Regulators began mandating methane reductions from landfills more than a decade ago and in 2016 set similar requirements for wastewater treatment plants. But while lawmakers set a goal for in-state dairies to reduce methane emissions by 40pc from 2030 levels, regulators could not even consider rulemakings mandating such reductions until 2024. CARB made no move to directly regulate those emissions at their first opportunity, as staff grappled with amendments to the agency's LCFS and cap-and-trade programs. That has meant that dairies continue to receive credit for all of the methane they capture, generating deep, carbon-reducing scores under the LCFS and outsized credit production relative to the fuel they replace. Dairy methane harvesting generated 16pc of all new credits generated in 2023, compared with biodiesel's 6pc. Dairy methane replaced just 38pc of the diesel equivalent gallons that biodiesel did over the same period. The incentive has exasperated environmental and community groups, who see LCFS credits as encouraging larger operations with more consequences for local air and water quality. Dairies warn that costly methane capture systems could not be affordable otherwise. Adding to the expense of operating in California would cause more operations to leave the state. California dairies make up about two thirds of suppliers registered under the program. Dairy supporters successfully delayed proposed legislative requirements in 2023. CARB staff in May 2024 declined a petition seeking a faster approach to dairy regulation . Staff committed to take up a rulemaking considering the best way to address dairy methane reduction in 2025. Before that, final revisions to the LCFS approved in November included guarantees for dairy methane crediting. Projects that break ground by the end of this decade would remain eligible for up to 30 years of LCFS credit generation, compared with just 10 years for projects after 2029. Limits on the scope of book-and-claim participation for out-of-state projects would wait until well into the next decade. Staff said it was necessary to ensure continued investment in methane reduction. The inclusion immediately frustrated critics of the renewable natural gas policy, including board member Diane Tarkvarian, who sought to have the changes struck and was one of two votes ultimately against the LCFS revisions. Environmental groups have now sued , invoking violations that effectively froze the LCFS for years of court review. Regulators and lawmakers working to transition the state to cleaner air and lower-emissions vehicles will have to tread carefully in 2025. By Elliott Blackburn Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

Viewpoint: US Gulf high-octane component prices to rise

24/12/24

Viewpoint: US Gulf high-octane component prices to rise

Houston, 24 December (Argus) — Cash prices of high-octane gasoline blending components in the US Gulf coast are likely to rise in 2025 after a year of declines as lower refining capacity starts to thin stocks. Alkylate and reformate cash prices and differentials have been lower over the course of 2024, in part from weaker refining margins. The lower margins are reflected in the region's crack spreads, which narrowed to $12.94/USG on 19 December from $18.67/USG a year earlier, as abundant supply in the region met weak demand . Inventories in the region have also been lower over the course of the year. Stocks in the region fell in November by 2pc from a year earlier to an average 29.75mn bl. US Gulf coast crack spreads have been declining steadily since 2022, according to the Energy Information Administration's (EIA) November Short-Term Energy Outlook, brought on by lower overall product demand, especially for gasolin e . But the EIA expects spreads to hold steady next year, even with a decrease in refining capacity, potentially supporting prices for high-octane components. The upcoming year will also bring a significant refinery closure to the region, which should reduce production and raise cash prices of components such as alkylate and reformate. LyondellBasell's closure of its 264,000 b/d Houston, Texas, refinery is scheduled to start in January. The refinery's fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCC), which converts vacuum gasoil primarily into gasoline blendstocks, is expected to be shut in February, followed by a complete end to crude refining by the end of the first quarter. US total refining capacity should fall to 17.9mn b/d by the end of 2025, according to the EIA, 400,000 b/d less than at the end of 2024, with the lower production leading to price increases. Although the LyondellBasell closing should eventually give crack spreads in the region a boost, some in the industry do not expect a return to pre-pandemic levels of refining margins in the immediate future. CVR Energy chief executive David Lamp said in November the company needed "to see additional refining capacity rationalization in both the US and globally" for crack spreads to gain ground. An increase in consumer demand for gasoline would also support a rise in cash prices and differentials for high-octane components. But the EIA in December forecast consumption nationwide would rise in 2025 by only 10,000 b/d, or 0.1pc, to 8.95mn b/d. By Jason Metko Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2024. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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