Japanese shipbuilders tap decarbonisation potential

Market: Emissions, Fertilizers, LPG, Natural gas, Oil products
26/04/21

The global decarbonisation drive is prompting Japanese shipbuilders to speed up development of greener vessels in efforts to ride out a tough market and gain an edge over Chinese and South Korean rivals.

Japanese shipbuilder Tsuneishi Shipbuilding has agreed to a capital tie-up with rival shipbuilder Mitsui E&S Shipbuilding. Tsuneishi is expected to acquire a 49pc share in Mitsui E&S Shipbuilding by October after obtaining regulatory approval.

Tsuneishi said the capital tie-up is expected to enable it to jointly speed up development of next-generation ships using alternative fuels, as well as autonomous vessels. Tsuneishi recently developed an LNG-fuelled Kamsarmax bulk carrier.

The international shipping industry is working to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 50pc by 2050 from 2008 levels, driving a fuel shift among global shipping firms and shipowners.

Japanese joint venture Nihon Shipyard last month completed development of an ammonia-fuelled very-large crude carrier, only a few months after the venture's January launch by shipbuilders Imabari Shipbuilding and Japan Marine United (JMU).

Japan aims to commercialise a zero-carbon emitting vessel by 2028 under a roadmap released last year to realise the global shipping industry's GHG reduction target. The transport ministry this month also began discussions to decarbonise its domestic shipping operations.

Japan's new GHG reduction pledge is also expected to offer new business opportunities for the shipbuilding industry. Japanese premier Yoshihide Suga last week announced a new 2030 commitment to reduce GHG emissions by 46pc from 2013 levels, compared with 26pc previously, prompting Japanese carbon dioxide (CO2) emitting-industries to further speed up decarbonisation efforts.

Shipbuilder JMU has agreed with Japanese wind power developer Venti Japan to discuss the possibility of developing a floating wind mill project offshore northwest Japan's Akita prefecture.

Shin Kurushima Sanoyas Shipbuilding has also obtained in-principle approval from Japanese classification society ClassNK for its newly-developed liquified CO2 transport vessel, aiming to tap growing demand for carbon capture and storage business opportunities. The company was launched earlier this year after Japanese shipbuilder Shin Kurushima Dockyard took over rival Sanoyas Shipbuilding.

By Rieko Suda

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02/01/25

Viewpoint: Road auctions may buoy Brazil asphalt demand

Sao Paulo, 2 January (Argus) — Demand for asphalt in Brazil is expected to remain elevated in 2025, boosted by a number of highway projects planned to be tendered this year. The Ministry of Transportation expects to seek tenders in 15 auctions this year . Overall, the Brazilian Association of Highway Concessionaires looks for 3,000km worth of roadway projects to be awarded at the federal level, along with another 4,000km at the state level. That is up from 10 auctions for projects covering 4,000km of paving work at the federal and state level last year. This anticipation of such an active paving year is upending the conventional wisdom that a year without elections means less asphalt demand. Typically, paving work on public streets and highways is more concentrated during election years, when mayors and governors focus their public budgets on infrastructure work to appease voters. President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva's administration has asked lawmakers to allocate R$12.8bn for the National Department of Transportation Infrastructure in 2025, up by nearly R$240mn from the amount approved for 2024. The National Congress is expected to take up the annual budget law in February, after the parliamentary recess, and may make considerable changes. State-controlled Petrobras expects to sell around 2.7mn t of asphalt in 2025, or 1pc more than its 2024 projections. This past year was record-breaking for the Brazilian asphalt market, with more than 2.76mn tons of asphalt sold through October, according to oil regulator ANP. This was 10pc more than what was sold in the same period in 2023, in a year in which asphalt demand reached its highest level since 2014. Asphalt imports increased in 2024 as a result. Brazil's asphalt sales exceeded local production by an average of 18pc, boosting the purchase of imported material earlier in the year. US Gulf coast exports to Brazil reached an all-time high in October , according to data from Kpler. During the first 11 months of 2024, Brazil imported 300mn t of asphalt, also primarily from the US Gulf. By Julio Viana Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2025. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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Viewpoint: European jet may struggle to find support

02/01/25

News

02/01/25

Viewpoint: European jet may struggle to find support

London, 2 January (Argus) — European jet fuel prices weakened over the course of 2024, and support is difficult to see in the coming year. Outright jet fuel values in Europe averaged $802/t between January and November, with the highest prices between February and April. In the second half of 2024 prices fell, to average $721.50/t in November, down by almost 18pc from January and even more compared with the November 2023 average of $921.50/t. In December, values for delivered jet fuel cargoes often dropped to below $700/t ( see graph ). Jet fuel supply to Europe ramped up in 2024, and was consistently strong throughout the year . This peaked in August-September, coinciding with the fall in prices. Large developments in Middle Eastern refinery capacity caused the increases in supply. Refining margins for jet fuel in Europe are likely to remain underwhelming. Argus Consulting estimates jet fuel premiums to North Sea Dated to average around $13/bl in 2025, compared with $20.53/bl in the first 11 months of 2024 and $29.30/bl in 2023. Weaker overall refining margins have led to capacity closure plans in 2025, so imports will probably compose a greater proportion of European jet fuel supply in the coming years. Eurostat data for January-July 2024 show a 0.7pc year on year rise in EU jet fuel demand. Argus Consulting calculates European jet fuel demand was 1.5pc up on the year for all of 2024. Flights across the Eurocontrol network totalled more than 9.44mn in January-November, higher by more than 10pc from the same period in 2023. Most areas in Europe have now equalled or surpassed pre-pandemic flight levels. Yet strong supply seems to have outstripped rising demand in 2024, and market participants expect the same in 2025 even though Middle East and Indian refiners now say arbitrage economics to Europe are closed . With northwest European jet fuel holding its narrowest premium to Singaporean jet fuel in three years, more jet has been shipped east in recent months. Since late November, Singaporean values have even surpassed those in Europe. But market participants do not expect serious tightness in European supply. Even air traffic growth may not proportionally raise European jet fuel demand in the coming year, as sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) mandates now require at least 2pc blending in the EU and UK, as of 1 January. European SAF prices fell by more than 30pc between January and November ( see graph ), as SAF supply and refining capacity grew ahead of the mandate. Increasing mandates in the coming years may weigh further on fossil jet demand. Crucially, however, suppliers only need to include 2pc SAF in all jet fuel over the course of the year, not immediately. This means many European suppliers will continue to use 100pc fossil jet fuel until the early part of 2025 at least. Some market participants have confirmed they intend to do this, while the relevant SAF infrastructure, logistics and administration are finalised. Fossil jet fuel balances may therefore be little changed early in 2025 — although if suppliers blend less than 2pc SAF at first, they would need to blend more than that later in the year, using accordingly less fossil jet at that point. Increasing fuel efficiency of aircraft has been pressuring European jet fuel demand. But Boeing and Airbus are heavily delayed in their delivery of newer, fuel-efficient aircraft. Boeing had 4,750 unfulfilled orders of its 737 MAX aircraft as of late October, while Airbus lowered its commercial aircraft delivery targets earlier this year . Aviation analytics firm OAG has forecast supply of aircraft will remain tight until at least 2026. This led fuel efficiency in Europe to improve by only 1.1pc in 2024 compared with 2023, according to Argus Consulting . By Amaar Khan Jet/kerosine NWE cif $/t RED SAF fob ARA $/t Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2025. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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EU sulphur shortage persists, limiting sul acid output

02/01/25

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02/01/25

EU sulphur shortage persists, limiting sul acid output

London, 2 January (Argus) — Liquid sulphur in Northwest Europe is expected to remain short in 2025, with production limited by lower output from refineries, and demand outstripping supply. Sulphur supply curbed In the past two years sulphur output from European refineries has dropped as a result of poor refining margins and competition from imports from new mega-refineries out of region. Additionally, sanctions on Russian crude oil imports to European refineries have turned the crude slate in the region sweeter. In 2024 refinery maintenance and unexpected outages resulted in lower production of molten sulphur. These were overdue following healthy refining margins in 2023 leading refineries to run at high rates and postponing maintenance, as well as earlier pandemic restrictions also limiting maintenance. Further European refining capacity is at risk in 2025, as Petroineos' Grangemouth refinery in Scotland is expected to be converted to an import terminal, while in Germany, Shell will cease crude processing at its 80,000 t/yr Wesseling refinery. Additionally, BP has indicated plans to permanently shut down a crude unit and a middle distillate desulphurisation unit at its 210,000 t/yr Gelsenkirchen plant. Refineries could still delay some of these closures, provided that refining margins were supportive of this. Sulphur consumption is higher though risks remain Sulphur consumers were running at low rates in Europe over 2023 due to low demand and poor economics as well as high energy prices. By 2024 sulphur demand lifted, and many consumers were unable to source the larger quantity of sulphur. The shortfall of molten sulphur bolstered quarterly contract prices during 2024; in the first quarter prices stood at $103.5-119.5/t cfr, rising 49pc on a mid-point basis to reach $158.5-174.5/t cfr in the fourth quarter. Contract negotiations for the first quarter of 2025 started against a backdrop of a short market and firmer global prices weighed against competitiveness of the region's chemical industry, with consumers seeking a rollover or a smaller increase of $10-15/t cfr against suppliers pushing for a larger $25-30/t rise. In 2025 liquid sulphur is expected to continue to be short in the region, with regular liquid imports. Discussions for an additional sulphur tanker are also expected to lead to more imported product entering the region by the second half of 2025. Yara's sulphur remelter in Finland is expected to start in April 2025, but will have limited impact on the industrial cluster in the Benelux and German regions. Additionally, at least one new commercial sulphur burner is expected in Germany for a 2027 start to operations, with the Mitsui subsidiary Aglobis announcing preliminary agreements with port and logistics operators in Germany's Duisburg area. Sulphuric acid implications The shortage in liquid sulphur has resulted in a new reality sulphuric acid in Northwest Europe, resulting in a wider differential between sulphur-burnt and smelter-based acid, of up to €80/t, on the quarterly contracts. The acid contracts for the first quarter of 2025 are not fully settled, the sulphur burnt contract was heard at a further increase of €15 added to the sulphur Benelux settlement, while an increase of around €10/t was heard for smelter-based acid. Some sulphur-burners have been forced to shut down in the Benelux region, mainly due lack of liquid sulphur. Additionally, there is the risk that some end used may be pushed out of the market due to the increased cost of sourcing sulphur burnt acid. And while some demand may continue to shift to smelter-based acid, not all sulphur burners or downstream industries can easily replace liquid sulphur as a feedstock due to purity or economic implications. By Jasmine Antunes, Maria Mosquera and Lili Minton Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2025. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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Q&A: EU biomethane internal market challenged

02/01/25

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02/01/25

Q&A: EU biomethane internal market challenged

London, 2 January (Argus) — The European Commission needs to provide clearer guidance on implementing existing rules for the cross-border trade of biomethane to foster a cohesive internal market as some EU member states are diverging from these standards, Vitol's Davide Rubini and Arthur Romano told Argus. Edited excerpts follow. What are the big changes happening in the regulation space of the European biomethane market that people need to watch out for? While no major new EU legislation is anticipated, the focus remains on the consistent implementation of existing rules, as some countries diverge from these standards. Key challenges include ensuring mass-balanced transport of biomethane within the grid, accurately accounting for cross-border emissions and integrating subsidised biomethane into compliance markets. The European Commission is urged to provide clearer guidance on these issues to foster a cohesive internal market, which is essential for advancing the EU's energy transition and sustainability objectives. Biomethane is a fairly mature energy carrier, yet it faces significant hurdles when it comes to cross-border trade within the EU. Currently, only a small fraction — 2-5pc — of biomethane is consumed outside of its country of production, highlighting the need for better regulatory alignment across member states. Would you be interested in seeing a longer-term target from the EU? The longer the visibility on targets and ambitions, the better it is for planning and investment. As the EU legislative cycle restarts with the new commission, the initial focus might be on the climate law and setting a new target for 2040. However, a review of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) is unlikely for the next 3-4 years. With current targets set for 2030, just five years away, there's insufficient support for long-term investments. The EU's legislative cycle is fixed, so expectations for changes are low. Therefore, it's crucial that member states take initiative and extend their targets beyond 2030, potentially up to 2035, even if not mandated by the EU. Some member states might do so, recognising the need for longer-term targets to encourage the necessary capital expenditure for the energy transition. Do you see different interpretations in mass balancing, GHG accounting and subsidies? Interpretations of the rules around ‘mass-balancing', greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions accounting and the usability of subsidised biomethane [for different fuel blending mandates] vary across EU member states, leading to challenges in creating a cohesive internal market. When it comes to mass-balancing, the challenges arise in trying to apply mass balance rules for liquids, which often have a physically traceable flow, to gas molecules in the interconnected European grid. Once biomethane is injected, physical verification becomes impossible, necessitating different rules than those for liquids moving around in segregated batches. The EU mandates that sustainability verification of biomethane occurs at the production point and requires mechanisms to prevent double counting and verification of biomethane transactions. However, some member states resist adapting these rules for gases, insisting on physical traceability similar to that of liquids. This resistance may stem from protectionist motives or political agendas, but ultimately it results in non-adherence to EU rules and breaches of European legislation. The issue with GHG accounting often stems from member states' differing interpretations of the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Some states, like the Netherlands, argue that mass balance is an administrative method, which the guidelines supposedly exclude. Mass balancing involves rigorous verification by auditors and certifying bodies, ensuring a robust accounting system that is distinct from book and claim methods. This distinction is crucial because mass balance is based on verifying that traded molecules of biomethane are always accompanied by proofs of sustainability that are not a separately tradeable object. In fact, mass balancing provides a verifiable and accountable method that is perfectly aligned with UN guidelines and ensuring accurate GHG accounting. The issue related to the use of subsidised volumes of biomethane is highly political. Member states often argue that if they provide financial support — directly through subsidies or indirectly through suppliers' quotas — they should remain in control of the entire value chain. For example, if a member state gives feed-in tariffs to biomethane production, it may want to block exports of these volumes. Conversely, if a member state imposes a quota to gas suppliers, it may require this to be fulfilled with domestic biomethane production. No other commodity — not even football players — is subject to similar restrictions to export and/or imports only because subsidies are involved. This protectionist approach creates barriers to internal trade within the EU, hindering the development of a unified biomethane market and limiting the potential for growth and decarbonisation across the region. The Netherlands next year will implement two significant pieces of legislation — a green supply obligation for gas suppliers and a RED III transposition. The Dutch approach combines GHG accounting arguments with a rejection of EU mass-balance rules, essentially prohibiting biomethane imports unless physically segregated as bio-LNG or bio-CNG. This requirement contradicts EU law, as highlighted by the EU Commission's recent detailed opinion to the Netherlands . France's upcoming blending and green gas obligation, effective in 2026, mandates satisfaction through French production only. Similarly, the Czech Republic recently enacted a law prohibiting the export of some subsidised biomethane . Italy's transport system, while effective nationally, disregards EU mass balance rules. These cases indicate a deeper political disconnect and highlight the need for better alignment and communication within the EU. We know you've been getting a lot of questions around whether subsidised bio-LNG is eligible under FuelEU. What have your findings been? The eligibility of subsidised bio-LNG under FuelEU has been a topic of considerable enquiry. We've sought clarity from the European Commission, as this issue intersects multiple regulatory and legal frameworks. Initially, we interpreted EU law principles, which discourage double support, to mean that FuelEU, being a quota system, would qualify as a support scheme under Article 2's definition, equating quota systems with subsidies. However, a commission representative has publicly stated that FuelEU does not constitute a support scheme and thus is not subject to this interpretation. On this basis, FuelEU would not differentiate between subsidised and unsubsidised bio-LNG. A similar rationale applies to the Emissions Trading System, which, while not a quota obligation, has been deemed to not be a support scheme. Despite these clarifications, the use of subsidised biomethane across Europe remains an area requiring further elucidation from European institutions. It is not without risks, and stakeholders require more definitive guidance to navigate the regulatory landscape effectively. By Emma Tribe and Madeleine Jenkins Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2025. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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Viewpoint: Trump, macro issues ahead for US renewables

02/01/25

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02/01/25

Viewpoint: Trump, macro issues ahead for US renewables

Houston, 2 January (Argus) — A combination of substantial policy shifts under president-elect Donald Trump and macroeconomic issues puts the US renewable power sector on uncertain footing to begin 2025. Analysts expect the federal tax credits that have bolstered new renewable generation during its substantial growth over the past decade will survive in some fashion, although Trump campaigned on repealing the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). He also has promised 60pc tariffs on goods imported from China, a major player in the solar and battery storage supply chains. The ultimate effects may vary by project type and what the new administration is able to accomplish. Chinese solar products already face 50pc tariffs , which could temper any effects on the industry from Trump's protectionist trade policies, said Tom Harper, a partner at consultant Baringa specializing in power and renewables. But the new administration could make it more difficult to claim IRA incentives and could roll back federal power plant emissions rules , creating an environment that could slow the adoption of renewables. Utilities may become more cautious in using renewables because of higher costs, while others, such as companies with sustainability goals, might be able to weather the change, according to Harper. "There might be some very price insensitive corporate [power purchase agreement] buyers out there who are looking at a $45/MWh solar [contract] and now it's going to be $50/MWh after the tariff, and they'll be fine," he said. In addition, the US renewables industry is still weathering headwinds from supply chain constraints, increased borrowing rates and inflation, which have hampered new projects. For example, the PJM Interconnection — which spans 13 mostly Mid-Atlantic states and the District of Columbia — had approved more than 37,000MW of generation at the end of third quarter 2024, with only 2,400MW of that partially in service. Developers have blamed the delays on financing challenges, long lead times for obtaining equipment and local opposition to projects. Global problems, local solutions Changes to state procurement strategies could help. Maryland state delegate Lorig Charkoudian (D) next year will propose new state-run solar, wind and hydropower solicitations that would first target projects that have already cleared PJM's reviews. Her approach would echo programs in New Jersey and Illinois, and ultimately reduce utilities' reliance on renewable energy certificates (REC) procured elsewhere. "The idea is to give a path for these projects, so presumably they can be built within a few years," Charkoudian said. Utilities would use the new procurements for the bulk of their RECs, covering remaining demand by buying legacy Maryland solar credits and other PJM RECs on the secondary market. But a quick fix for Maryland's broader renewable energy objectives is unlikely after utilities used the alternative compliance payment (ACP) for two-thirds of their 2023 REC requirements. The fee for each megawatt-hour by which utilities miss their compliance targets serves as a de facto ceiling on REC prices. Maryland's ACP is low compared to neighboring states, where the qualifying REC pool overlaps, meaning that credits eligible in the state can fetch a higher price elsewhere. While lawmakers could raise the ACP to mitigate those issues, those costs would ultimately fall on utility customers. "As best as I can tell, the options are raise the ACP or adjust how we do it," Charkoudian said. "We're really concerned about ratepayer impacts, and so I don't think there's a real appetite to raise the ACP." In other states, the policy landscape is less certain. Pennsylvania governor Josh Shapiro (D) has no clear path for his proposed hike to the state's alternative energy mandate, should he choose to revisit it, after Republicans retained their state Senate majority in November. New Jersey state senator Bob Smith (D) has been working for two years to enshrine in law governor Phil Murphy's (D) goal of 100pc clean electricity, but the proposal failed to escape committee in 2024 after dying in 2023 over opposition to its support for offshore wind . Is the answer blowing in the wind? Offshore wind is a slightly different matter. Trump has been critical of the industry and federal regulators control much of the project permitting in the US. Moreover, as a burgeoning sector with higher costs, it could be more sensitive to the loss of the investment tax credit (ITC). Based on current expenses, Baringa's analysis suggests that losing the ITC could increase project costs by "at least" $30/MWh and push offshore wind REC prices in some cases near $150/MWh. That would be a "difficult cost for states to swallow", according to Harper. "We've seen a few offshore wind developers already say, 'Hey, we're not going to spend a dime more until we know what's going on,'" Harper said. Despite the challenging landscape, Charkoudian expects Maryland will move forward in areas it can control, such as expanding the onshore transmission, that will make offshore wind viable, whether it's now or "eight years from now". By Patrick Zemanek Send comments and request more information at feedback@argusmedia.com Copyright © 2025. Argus Media group . All rights reserved.

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